Source record
Greenhouse gas emissions from ruminant supply chains: A global life cycle assessment
C. Opio et al., FAO (2013).
Key findings
- GLEAM global beef: 46.2 kg CO₂e/kg carcass. South Asian milk: about 4.6 kg CO₂e/kg fat-and-protein-corrected milk.
Record
- Source type
- Report
- Study type
- Review
- Topics
- Climate & emissions
- Geography
- See study or jurisdiction in title
- Funding & conflicts
- Not recorded.
- Source quality
- Moderate evidenceImported from the dated research notes; original-source editorial verification remains pending.
Limitations
- Regional results cannot be treated as exact national averages; FPCM is not retail milk.
Claims this source supports
EnvironmentStrong evidence
Per gram of protein, beef from dedicated beef herds produces roughly 25 times the greenhouse gas emissions of tofu and 60 times those of pulses; the ratio to peas is over 100.
Beef is in a different league from plant proteins on emissions. Chicken and eggs sit in between.