{
  "sources": [],
  "title": "Defining and assessing animal pain",
  "url": "https://thebalanceofhealth.com/sources/sneddon-2014-defining-and-assessing-animal-pain",
  "publisher": "The Balance of Health",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "record": {
    "status": "reviewed",
    "id": "src-sneddon-2014-pain",
    "slug": "sneddon-2014-defining-and-assessing-animal-pain",
    "title": "Defining and assessing animal pain",
    "authors": [
      "Lynne Sneddon",
      "Robert Elwood",
      "Shelley Adamo",
      "Matthew Leach"
    ],
    "publication": "Animal Behaviour",
    "year": 2014,
    "doi": "10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.09.007",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.09.007",
    "sourceType": "peer-reviewed-study",
    "studyType": "review",
    "topicIds": [
      "sentience"
    ],
    "pillarIds": [
      "animals"
    ],
    "geography": "Not applicable",
    "keyFindings": [
      "Proposes criteria for assessing pain across species; mammals, birds and fish meet most criteria for pain experience."
    ],
    "supportsClaimIds": [
      "claim-vertebrate-sentience-consensus"
    ],
    "challengesClaimIds": [],
    "limitations": [
      "Pain in animals is inferred from behaviour and physiology; subjective experience cannot be measured directly."
    ],
    "quality": "moderate"
  }
}