{"title":"Calculator assumptions and factors","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions","description":"Assumptions document calculator behaviour and factors are its inputs; neither is a reviewed scientific finding. Each factor states the source it came from and its basis (sourced, derived or proxy). CC BY 4.0 covers this compilation; the source publications retain their own rights.","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","assumptions":[{"id":"servings","title":"Servings","detail":"A serving is the typical portion defined for each food in our comparison tool: 150 g of beef, lamb, pork or chicken; 140 g of fish; 250 ml of milk; 30 g of cheese; two eggs (100 g). Your real portions may be bigger or smaller."},{"id":"fish","title":"Fish","detail":"All fish and seafood use farmed-fish environmental factors and salmon nutrition and yield as proxies. Wild fish, prawns and tinned tuna have different footprints, some lower and some higher."},{"id":"global-factors","title":"Global factors","detail":"The calculator uses global average food footprints. Your location, preference cookie and any country parameter on an old shared link do not change its factors. Adjust the starting servings to describe your own diet."},{"id":"production-systems","title":"Production systems","detail":"The calculator uses the global all-systems average for each food. Dairy-herd beef can be explored in the comparison tool but is not selectable here."},{"id":"replacement-food","title":"Replacement food","detail":"Removed animal servings are assumed to be replaced by an even mix of lentils, tofu and chickpeas supplying the same protein. This is a simplification, not a nutritionally complete diet plan. Digestibility is not adjusted. Pulse environmental factors use retail dry weight while protein uses cooked food; without cooking-yield conversion, replacement footprints are approximate."},{"id":"uncertainty","title":"Uncertainty","detail":"Where a source reports a range for a factor, that range is used. Where it does not, we apply ±40% (0.6× to 1.4×), as an illustrative sensitivity band informed by the variation in Poore & Nemecek (2018) and Clune et al. (2017). It is not a confidence interval or a full uncertainty model. Ranges are added, not combined statistically."},{"id":"savings-range","title":"Savings range","detail":"The saving is the difference between the middle estimates, with the baseline's relative uncertainty applied to it. This avoids the artefact of a large baseline range implying a change could increase impact."},{"id":"animals","title":"Animals","detail":"'Animals avoided' counts animals slaughtered per kilogram of meat or fish. Dairy and eggs count as zero because no animal is slaughtered per unit sold, although both systems involve animals. The figure is a statistical share, not a promise that a particular animal is spared."},{"id":"water","title":"Water","detail":"Plain freshwater use is shown but is a poor guide to harm. Scarcity-weighted water use, where available, weights each litre by how stressed the source region is. The global factors blend producing regions; consumer location is not a multiplier on them."},{"id":"what-is-not-counted","title":"What is not counted","detail":"Cooking, food waste, packaging differences between products, transport from shop to home, and health effects are not included. Dietary change also has effects on land that are not captured by area alone, such as whether freed land is restored."},{"id":"precision","title":"Precision","detail":"All outputs are rounded and prefixed 'about'. They describe an average person eating average products; your actual impact could differ by a factor of two or more."}],"changes":[{"id":"one-vegan-meal-a-day","label":"One meal a day from plants","description":"Assumes three meals a day, so a third of animal-product servings are replaced.","keep":{"beef":0.6666666666666666,"lamb":0.6666666666666666,"pork":0.6666666666666666,"chicken":0.6666666666666666,"fish":0.6666666666666666,"milk":0.6666666666666666,"cheese":0.6666666666666666,"eggs":0.6666666666666666}},{"id":"meat-free-weekdays","label":"Meat at weekends only","description":"Meat and fish on two days out of seven; dairy and eggs unchanged.","keep":{"beef":0.2857142857142857,"lamb":0.2857142857142857,"pork":0.2857142857142857,"chicken":0.2857142857142857,"fish":0.2857142857142857,"milk":1,"cheese":1,"eggs":1}},{"id":"vegetarian","label":"Vegetarian","description":"No meat or fish. Dairy and eggs stay as they are.","keep":{"beef":0,"lamb":0,"pork":0,"chicken":0,"fish":0,"milk":1,"cheese":1,"eggs":1}},{"id":"mostly-plant-based","label":"Mostly plant-based","description":"Animal products about a quarter as often as now.","keep":{"beef":0.25,"lamb":0.25,"pork":0.25,"chicken":0.25,"fish":0.25,"milk":0.25,"cheese":0.25,"eggs":0.25}},{"id":"vegan","label":"Vegan","description":"No animal products.","keep":{"beef":0,"lamb":0,"pork":0,"chicken":0,"fish":0,"milk":0,"cheese":0,"eggs":0}}],"defaultUncertainty":{"low":0.6,"high":1.4},"intakeGroups":[{"id":"beef","label":"Beef","foodId":"beef"},{"id":"lamb","label":"Lamb","foodId":"lamb"},{"id":"pork","label":"Pork (incl. bacon, ham)","foodId":"pork"},{"id":"chicken","label":"Chicken and other poultry","foodId":"chicken"},{"id":"fish","label":"Fish and seafood","foodId":"salmon"},{"id":"milk","label":"Milk (glasses, incl. in tea and cereal)","foodId":"milk"},{"id":"cheese","label":"Cheese","foodId":"cheese"},{"id":"eggs","label":"Eggs (pairs)","foodId":"eggs"}],"replacementFoodIds":["lentils","tofu","chickpeas"],"impactMetrics":["ghg","land","water","waterScarcity","animalsPerKg"],"records":[{"id":"beef-ghg","foodId":"beef","foodName":"Beef","metricId":"ghg","valuePerKg":99.5,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#beef-ghg"},{"id":"beef-land","foodId":"beef","foodName":"Beef","metricId":"land","valuePerKg":326.2,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#beef-land"},{"id":"beef-water","foodId":"beef","foodName":"Beef","metricId":"water","valuePerKg":1451,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#beef-water"},{"id":"beef-animalsPerKg","foodId":"beef","foodName":"Beef","metricId":"animalsPerKg","valuePerKg":0.0063,"geography":"Global approximation","methodology":"Approximate retail yield per animal inverted; yield assumptions are illustrative, not counts of individual animals spared.","sourceId":"src-fao-faostat-livestock","basis":"derived","note":"227 kg carcass × assumed 70% retail yield: roughly 160 kg per animal.","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#beef-animalsPerKg"},{"id":"beef-waterScarcity","foodId":"beef","foodName":"Beef","metricId":"waterScarcity","valuePerKg":34733,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; withdrawals weighted by the local Pfister et al. (2009) water-scarcity index, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#beef-waterScarcity"},{"id":"lamb-ghg","foodId":"lamb","foodName":"Lamb","metricId":"ghg","valuePerKg":39.7,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#lamb-ghg"},{"id":"lamb-land","foodId":"lamb","foodName":"Lamb","metricId":"land","valuePerKg":369.8,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#lamb-land"},{"id":"lamb-water","foodId":"lamb","foodName":"Lamb","metricId":"water","valuePerKg":1803,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#lamb-water"},{"id":"lamb-animalsPerKg","foodId":"lamb","foodName":"Lamb","metricId":"animalsPerKg","valuePerKg":0.08,"geography":"Global approximation","methodology":"Approximate retail yield per animal inverted; yield assumptions are illustrative, not counts of individual animals spared.","sourceId":"src-fao-faostat-livestock","basis":"derived","note":"Assumed 16 kg carcass × 75% retail yield; sheep yield requires confirmation.","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#lamb-animalsPerKg"},{"id":"lamb-waterScarcity","foodId":"lamb","foodName":"Lamb","metricId":"waterScarcity","valuePerKg":141925,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; withdrawals weighted by the local Pfister et al. (2009) water-scarcity index, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#lamb-waterScarcity"},{"id":"pork-ghg","foodId":"pork","foodName":"Pork","metricId":"ghg","valuePerKg":12.3,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#pork-ghg"},{"id":"pork-land","foodId":"pork","foodName":"Pork","metricId":"land","valuePerKg":17.4,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#pork-land"},{"id":"pork-water","foodId":"pork","foodName":"Pork","metricId":"water","valuePerKg":1796,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#pork-water"},{"id":"pork-animalsPerKg","foodId":"pork","foodName":"Pork","metricId":"animalsPerKg","valuePerKg":0.016,"geography":"Global approximation","methodology":"Approximate retail yield per animal inverted; yield assumptions are illustrative, not counts of individual animals spared.","sourceId":"src-fao-faostat-livestock","basis":"derived","note":"82 kg carcass × assumed 75% retail yield: roughly 62 kg per animal.","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#pork-animalsPerKg"},{"id":"pork-waterScarcity","foodId":"pork","foodName":"Pork","metricId":"waterScarcity","valuePerKg":66867,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; withdrawals weighted by the local Pfister et al. (2009) water-scarcity index, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#pork-waterScarcity"},{"id":"chicken-ghg","foodId":"chicken","foodName":"Chicken","metricId":"ghg","valuePerKg":9.9,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#chicken-ghg"},{"id":"chicken-land","foodId":"chicken","foodName":"Chicken","metricId":"land","valuePerKg":12.2,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#chicken-land"},{"id":"chicken-water","foodId":"chicken","foodName":"Chicken","metricId":"water","valuePerKg":660,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#chicken-water"},{"id":"chicken-animalsPerKg","foodId":"chicken","foodName":"Chicken","metricId":"animalsPerKg","valuePerKg":0.75,"geography":"Global approximation","methodology":"Approximate retail yield per animal inverted; yield assumptions are illustrative, not counts of individual animals spared.","sourceId":"src-fao-faostat-livestock","basis":"derived","note":"1.74 kg carcass × assumed 75% retail yield: roughly 1.3 kg per bird.","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#chicken-animalsPerKg"},{"id":"chicken-waterScarcity","foodId":"chicken","foodName":"Chicken","metricId":"waterScarcity","valuePerKg":14178,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; withdrawals weighted by the local Pfister et al. (2009) water-scarcity index, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#chicken-waterScarcity"},{"id":"salmon-ghg","foodId":"salmon","foodName":"Farmed salmon","metricId":"ghg","valuePerKg":13.6,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"proxy","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#salmon-ghg"},{"id":"salmon-land","foodId":"salmon","foodName":"Farmed salmon","metricId":"land","valuePerKg":8.4,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"proxy","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#salmon-land"},{"id":"salmon-water","foodId":"salmon","foodName":"Farmed salmon","metricId":"water","valuePerKg":3691,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"proxy","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#salmon-water"},{"id":"salmon-animalsPerKg","foodId":"salmon","foodName":"Farmed salmon","metricId":"animalsPerKg","valuePerKg":0.37,"geography":"Global approximation","methodology":"Approximate retail yield per animal inverted; yield assumptions are illustrative, not counts of individual animals spared.","sourceId":"src-fao-faostat-livestock","basis":"derived","note":"Assumed 4.5–5 kg harvest weight and 55–60% fillet yield; requires confirmation.","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#salmon-animalsPerKg"},{"id":"salmon-waterScarcity","foodId":"salmon","foodName":"Farmed salmon","metricId":"waterScarcity","valuePerKg":41572,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; withdrawals weighted by the local Pfister et al. (2009) water-scarcity index, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"proxy","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#salmon-waterScarcity"},{"id":"cheese-ghg","foodId":"cheese","foodName":"Cheese","metricId":"ghg","valuePerKg":23.9,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#cheese-ghg"},{"id":"cheese-land","foodId":"cheese","foodName":"Cheese","metricId":"land","valuePerKg":87.8,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#cheese-land"},{"id":"cheese-water","foodId":"cheese","foodName":"Cheese","metricId":"water","valuePerKg":5605,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#cheese-water"},{"id":"cheese-animalsPerKg","foodId":"cheese","foodName":"Cheese","metricId":"animalsPerKg","valuePerKg":0,"geography":"Global approximation","methodology":"Approximate retail yield per animal inverted; yield assumptions are illustrative, not counts of individual animals spared.","sourceId":"src-fao-faostat-livestock","basis":"derived","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#cheese-animalsPerKg"},{"id":"cheese-waterScarcity","foodId":"cheese","foodName":"Cheese","metricId":"waterScarcity","valuePerKg":180851,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; withdrawals weighted by the local Pfister et al. (2009) water-scarcity index, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#cheese-waterScarcity"},{"id":"milk-ghg","foodId":"milk","foodName":"Cow's milk","metricId":"ghg","valuePerKg":3.15,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#milk-ghg"},{"id":"milk-land","foodId":"milk","foodName":"Cow's milk","metricId":"land","valuePerKg":8.95,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#milk-land"},{"id":"milk-water","foodId":"milk","foodName":"Cow's milk","metricId":"water","valuePerKg":628,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#milk-water"},{"id":"milk-animalsPerKg","foodId":"milk","foodName":"Cow's milk","metricId":"animalsPerKg","valuePerKg":0,"geography":"Global approximation","methodology":"Approximate retail yield per animal inverted; yield assumptions are illustrative, not counts of individual animals spared.","sourceId":"src-fao-faostat-livestock","basis":"derived","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#milk-animalsPerKg"},{"id":"milk-waterScarcity","foodId":"milk","foodName":"Cow's milk","metricId":"waterScarcity","valuePerKg":19786,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; withdrawals weighted by the local Pfister et al. (2009) water-scarcity index, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#milk-waterScarcity"},{"id":"eggs-ghg","foodId":"eggs","foodName":"Eggs","metricId":"ghg","valuePerKg":4.67,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#eggs-ghg"},{"id":"eggs-land","foodId":"eggs","foodName":"Eggs","metricId":"land","valuePerKg":6.3,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#eggs-land"},{"id":"eggs-water","foodId":"eggs","foodName":"Eggs","metricId":"water","valuePerKg":578,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; life-cycle assessment through retail, per kg retail weight.","sourceId":"src-poore-nemecek-2018","basis":"sourced","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#eggs-water"},{"id":"eggs-animalsPerKg","foodId":"eggs","foodName":"Eggs","metricId":"animalsPerKg","valuePerKg":0,"geography":"Global approximation","methodology":"Approximate retail yield per animal inverted; yield assumptions are illustrative, not counts of individual animals spared.","sourceId":"src-fao-faostat-livestock","basis":"derived","url":"https://thebalanceofhealth.com/evidence/calculator-assumptions#eggs-animalsPerKg"},{"id":"eggs-waterScarcity","foodId":"eggs","foodName":"Eggs","metricId":"waterScarcity","valuePerKg":17983,"geography":"Global average","methodology":"Poore & Nemecek (2018), OWID version accessed 2026-09-06; withdrawals weighted by the local Pfister et al. 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